{ "_note": "Written by scripts/check-quantum-posture.ts in both build chains from src/lib/quantumPosture.ts and /data/rankings.json; a build output, not committed. Beside the ranking, never in it: no score or order reads this file.", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "ChainChoice (https://chainchoice.io)", "url": "https://chainchoice.io/data/quantum-posture.json", "explainer": "https://chainchoice.io/methodology/quantum", "generatedAt": "2026-11-03", "asOf": "2026-10-15", "what": "For every ranked chain: the signature scheme its accounts and its consensus use, and its published post-quantum migration plan. For every ranked wallet, hardware wallet, MPC wallet, smart account, custodian and exchange: the vendor's published post-quantum posture. Each fact quotes a named page read on a named day; \"none-found\" is bounded to the pages it lists and never means \"has none\".", "families": [ { "id": "chains", "label": "Chains", "categories": [ "layer1_chains", "l2_chains", "sidechains", "appchains_l3s" ] }, { "id": "wallets", "label": "Wallets and signing", "categories": [ "hardware_wallet", "wallet", "mpc_wallets", "smart_accounts" ] }, { "id": "custody", "label": "Custody and exchanges", "categories": [ "institutional_custody", "exchange" ] } ], "chainPlanStatus": { "dated-plan": "A published migration plan with dates", "plan": "A published migration plan or accepted proposal, without dates", "research": "Published research or a stated intent, no migration plan yet", "none-found": "No post-quantum plan found on the pages read", "retired": "The chain has stopped; no plan applies" }, "vendorStatus": { "shipping": "Ships post-quantum cryptography or a quantum-exposure control today", "plan": "A published post-quantum plan for its own product", "position": "A published statement on quantum risk, no product change committed", "none-found": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read", "unread": "No page of the vendor could be read: not a fact, and not counted" }, "shares": { "chains": [ { "category": "layer1_chains", "facts": 8, "byStatus": { "dated-plan": 2, "plan": 2, "research": 2, "none-found": 2, "retired": 0 } }, { "category": "l2_chains", "facts": 15, "byStatus": { "dated-plan": 3, "plan": 1, "research": 1, "none-found": 9, "retired": 1 } }, { "category": "sidechains", "facts": 7, "byStatus": { "dated-plan": 0, "plan": 0, "research": 1, "none-found": 5, "retired": 1 } }, { "category": "appchains_l3s", "facts": 9, "byStatus": { "dated-plan": 0, "plan": 0, "research": 0, "none-found": 8, "retired": 1 } } ], "vendors": [ { "category": "hardware_wallet", "facts": 23, "withStatement": 7, "shareWithStatement": 0.304, "byStatus": { "shipping": 3, "plan": 3, "position": 1, "none-found": 16, "unread": 0 } }, { "category": "wallet", "facts": 11, "withStatement": 1, "shareWithStatement": 0.091, "byStatus": { "shipping": 0, "plan": 0, "position": 1, "none-found": 10, "unread": 0 } }, { "category": "mpc_wallets", "facts": 7, "withStatement": 0, "shareWithStatement": 0, "byStatus": { "shipping": 0, "plan": 0, "position": 0, "none-found": 7, "unread": 0 } }, { "category": "smart_accounts", "facts": 7, "withStatement": 0, "shareWithStatement": 0, "byStatus": { "shipping": 0, "plan": 0, "position": 0, "none-found": 7, "unread": 0 } }, { "category": "institutional_custody", "facts": 9, "withStatement": 5, "shareWithStatement": 0.556, "byStatus": { "shipping": 2, "plan": 1, "position": 2, "none-found": 4, "unread": 0 } }, { "category": "exchange", "facts": 17, "withStatement": 1, "shareWithStatement": 0.059, "byStatus": { "shipping": 0, "plan": 1, "position": 0, "none-found": 16, "unread": 0 } } ] }, "chains": [ { "key": "foundation/cometbft", "consensus": { "scheme": "Ed25519 validator keys (CometBFT)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.cosmos.network/cometbft/next/docs/core/Validators.md", "quote": "Currently CometBFT uses [Ed25519](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/) keys", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "foundation/cosmos-sdk", "accounts": { "scheme": "secp256k1 by default (Cosmos SDK)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.cosmos.network/sdk/v0.47/learn/beginner/accounts.md", "quote": "The Cosmos SDK supports the following digital key schemes for creating digital signatures", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA (secp256k1)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/accounts/", "quote": "The public key is generated from the private key using the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS signatures (BLS12-381)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/keys/", "quote": "This new type of key uses the Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS) signature scheme", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "dated-plan", "summary": "A post-quantum research team and a roadmap targeting 2029 for full post-quantum protection.", "source": { "url": "https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/security/quantum-resistance/", "quote": "The Ethereum Foundation has a dedicated post-quantum research team, and a structured \"Lean Ethereum\" roadmap targeting 2029 for full post-quantum protection", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/ton_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "Ed25519 (wallet contracts)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.ton.org/standard/wallets/how-it-works", "quote": "Wallet contracts use the Ed25519 signature scheme.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Not stated on the pages read", "family": "not-found", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.ton.org/v3/concepts/dive-into-ton/ton-blockchain/blockchain-of-blockchains", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.ton.org/v3/documentation/infra/nodes/validation/collators", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://ton.org/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.ton.org/standard/wallets/how-it-works", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/avalanche_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "secp256k1", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.avax.network/docs/rpcs/other/standards/cryptographic-primitives", "quote": "The Avalanche virtual machine uses elliptic curve cryptography, specifically secp256k1 , for its signatures on the blockchain.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Snowman voting by validators identified by TLS keys, each also holding a BLS key", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://build.avax.network/docs/primary-network/validate/how-to-stake", "quote": "The Staking Key ( staker.key ) is the TLS key that sets your node's ID. | The BLS signer key ( signer.key ) signs BLS messages.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.avax.network/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://build.avax.network/docs/primary-network/validate/how-to-stake", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/cardano_l1", "ledger": "utxo", "accounts": { "scheme": "Ed25519 (addresses hold a hash of the key)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cardano-foundation/CIPs/master/CIP-0019/README.md", "quote": "hash digests of Ed25519 verification keys", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Key-evolving signatures (KES) and VRF keys (Ouroboros Praos)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.cardano.org/about-cardano/learn/cardano-keys", "quote": "To create an operational certificate for a block-producing node, you need a KES key pair, which authenticates who you are.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "research", "summary": "Input Output Research runs a post-quantum cryptography research stream in its Cardano Vision 2026 programme; no migration plan is published.", "source": { "url": "https://www.iog.io/news/cardano-vision-2026-the-research-program-securing-cardano", "quote": "Varun Maram, research lead in post-quantum security at IOR, introduced one of the program's most consequential long-term bets: post-quantum cryptography (PQC).", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "exposedSupply": { "status": "not-measured", "reason": "Cardano addresses hold a hash of the key, which is revealed when an output is spent; measuring the share of supply in outputs whose key is already revealed needs a full-chain index ChainChoice does not run." } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/solana_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "Ed25519", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://www.anza.xyz/blog/securing-solana-against-a-powerful-quantum-adversary", "quote": "Accounts are currently indexed by a Ed25519 public key and the private key associated with that public key can be used to authorize transactions.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS signatures over pairing-friendly curves (Alpenglow)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://www.anza.xyz/blog/securing-solana-against-a-powerful-quantum-adversary", "quote": "Consensus: Alpenglow uses BLS signatures over pairing-friendly elliptic curves.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "plan", "summary": "Anza (a validator-client team) has published a post-quantum checklist and Falcon as the leading candidate; no date is set.", "source": { "url": "https://www.anza.xyz/blog/securing-solana-against-a-powerful-quantum-adversary", "quote": "The Anza team and members of the Solana community have already started laying the groundwork for a post-quantum transition", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/sui_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "Ed25519, ECDSA (secp256k1, secp256r1) or passkeys", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.sui.io/concepts/cryptography", "quote": "User transactions authenticate with Ed25519, ECDSA (secp256k1 and secp256r1), or passkeys", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS12-381 (validator operations)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.sui.io/concepts/cryptography", "quote": "BLS12-381 signatures are available for validator operations", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "dated-plan", "summary": "ML-DSA-65 accounts and SLH-DSA vaults, with Mainnet targets for 2026 and Q1 2027.", "source": { "url": "https://www.sui.io/blog/making-sui-quantum-ready", "quote": "Quantum-safe vaults are targeted for Mainnet this year and native ML-DSA-65 accounts for Testnet by end of year, with native account authentication on Mainnet targeted for Q1 2027.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/aptos_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "Ed25519 by default; Secp256k1 ECDSA and multi-key also accepted", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://aptos.dev/network/blockchain/accounts", "quote": "The Aptos blockchain defaults to Ed25519 signature", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS12-381 consensus keys", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aptos-labs/aptos-core/main/aptos-move/framework/aptos-framework/sources/stake.move", "quote": "bls12381::public_key_from_bytes_with_pop(", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "plan", "summary": "AIP-137, accepted: opt-in post-quantum accounts signed with SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s; no date set.", "source": { "url": "https://github.com/aptos-foundation/AIPs/blob/main/aips/aip-137-post-quantum-aptos-accounts-via-slh-dsa-sha2-128s.md", "quote": "Post-quantum Aptos accounts via SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s signatures | Status Accepted", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "layer1_chains/bnb_chain_l1", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA (secp256k1)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bsc-post-quantum-cryptography-migration-report", "quote": "Transaction signature ECDSA (secp256k1)", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS12-381 vote aggregation", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bsc-post-quantum-cryptography-migration-report", "quote": "Consensus vote aggregation BLS12-381", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "research", "summary": "BNB Chain tested ML-DSA-44 signatures and STARK vote aggregation in a research report; no migration is scheduled.", "source": { "url": "https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bsc-post-quantum-cryptography-migration-report", "quote": "Post-quantum readiness is achievable on BSC today, with data size growth and network constraints as the main trade-offs.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "l2_chains/arbitrum-one", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Optimistic rollup with full EVM-equivalence, settling to Ethereum" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "Optimistic rollup with full EVM-equivalence, settling to Ethereum", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.arbitrum.io/welcome/arbitrum-gentle-introduction", "quote": "while Ethereum still settles the results and keeps the data available", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.arbitrum.io/welcome/arbitrum-gentle-introduction", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.arbitrum.io/build-decentralized-apps/arbitrum-vs-ethereum/comparison-overview", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/op-mainnet", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "The original OP Stack optimistic rollup, EVM-equivalent" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "The original OP Stack optimistic rollup, EVM-equivalent", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.optimism.io/stack/getting-started", "quote": "publishes the data for those transactions to a parent chain, usually Ethereum", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "dated-plan", "summary": "OP Labs will deprecate ECDSA-signed externally owned accounts by January 2036, subject to governance.", "source": { "url": "https://optimism.io/blog/a-post-quantum-roadmap-for-the-superchain", "quote": "As of this post, OP Labs is committing to a 10-year timeline to deprecate ECDSA-based externally owned accounts (EOAs) on OP Mainnet and across the Superchain, subject to governance approval.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "l2_chains/base", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Coinbase-built OP Stack rollup, EVM-equivalent" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Ethereum L1", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "research", "summary": "Coinbase says Base inherits much of Ethereum's plan and that a Base-specific plan will follow.", "source": { "url": "https://www.coinbase.com/blog/what-coinbase-is-doing-to-prepare-for-post-quantum-cryptography", "quote": "This work extends to Base as well. Ethereum has laid out a post-quantum roadmap, and Base inherits much of that protection through its relationship with L1.", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } } }, { "key": "l2_chains/ink", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM: equivalent" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Ethereum L1 blobs", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "dated-plan", "summary": "Ink is built on the Superchain, which the OP Labs roadmap covers: ECDSA-signed accounts deprecated by January 2036, subject to governance.", "source": { "url": "https://optimism.io/blog/a-post-quantum-roadmap-for-the-superchain", "quote": "As of this post, OP Labs is committing to a 10-year timeline to deprecate ECDSA-based externally owned accounts (EOAs) on OP Mainnet and across the Superchain, subject to governance approval.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, "via": { "url": "https://inkonchain.com/", "quote": "Ink - DeFi unleashed by Kraken, built on the Superchain", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "l2_chains/unichain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.unichain.org/docs", "quote": "As an OP Stack chain, Unichain is EVM-equivalent with minimal changes to standard Ethereum behavior", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Ethereum L1", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.unichain.org/docs", "quote": "Unichain is an Ethereum L2 with a permissionless fault-proof system designed for trust-minimized security.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "dated-plan", "summary": "Unichain is part of the Superchain, which the OP Labs roadmap covers: ECDSA-signed accounts deprecated by January 2036, subject to governance.", "source": { "url": "https://optimism.io/blog/a-post-quantum-roadmap-for-the-superchain", "quote": "As of this post, OP Labs is committing to a 10-year timeline to deprecate ECDSA-based externally owned accounts (EOAs) on OP Mainnet and across the Superchain, subject to governance approval.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, "via": { "url": "https://docs.unichain.org/docs", "quote": "As part of the Superchain, Unichain supports native interoperability and cross-chain liquidity access.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "l2_chains/arbitrum-nova", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM: equivalent" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "data posted to Ethereum as blobs since 2026-08-31", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.arbitrum.io/welcome/arbitrum-gentle-introduction", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.arbitrum.io/build-decentralized-apps/arbitrum-vs-ethereum/comparison-overview", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/scroll", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM: compatible (documented opcode and precompile differences)" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Ethereum L1", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.scroll.io/en/technology/", "quote": "We use Ethereum as the Settlement Layer and deploy the bridge and rollup contract onto Ethereum.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.scroll.io/en/technology/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://scroll.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/starknet", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "Set by each account contract (native account abstraction)", "family": "per-account", "source": { "url": "https://docs.starknet.io/learn/protocol/accounts", "quote": "Determine what it means for a signature to be valid", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions, STARK proofs (hash-based) settle them on Ethereum (BLS validator signatures)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "ZK rollup on the Cairo VM (non-EVM), with STARK validity proofs", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "plan", "summary": "StarkWare publishes a phased roadmap; Falcon-512 account contracts already exist.", "source": { "url": "https://starkware.co/blog/starknets-quantum-edge-starks-and-native-account-abstraction/", "quote": "a committed, inspectable roadmap for finishing it", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "l2_chains/zksync-era", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum; smart accounts may set their own scheme", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM-compatible via an LLVM zkEVM", "source": { "url": "https://docs.zksync.io/zksync-protocol/era-vm/account-abstraction", "quote": "Smart Accounts are fully programmable, allowing for various customizations such as signature schemes", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "ZK rollup with validity proofs", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.zksync.io/zksync-protocol/era-vm/account-abstraction", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://zksync.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/mantle", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM: compatible (\"minimal modification\")" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Ethereum L1 blobs", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.mantle.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.mantle.xyz/network", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/taiko-alethia", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.taiko.xyz/", "quote": "Taiko is an Ethereum-equivalent (type-1) based rollup.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Ethereum validators (BLS) sequence its blocks", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.taiko.xyz/", "quote": "\"Based\" means Ethereum L1 validators sequence Taiko blocks", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.taiko.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://taiko.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/linea", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Consensys-built EVM-equivalent ZK rollup" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Ethereum L1", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://linea.build/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.linea.build/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/blast", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.blast.io/about-blast", "quote": "Blast is an EVM-compatible, optimistic rollup", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions; data goes to Ethereum, and no proof system checks its state there", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "no live proof system", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.blast.io/about-blast", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/manta-pacific", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM: equivalent" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions; data goes to Celestia, and no proof system checks its state on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "DA: Celestia (external modular)" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://manta.network/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "l2_chains/polygon-zkevm", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM: compatible (zkEVM Etrog)" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "None since its sequencer stopped on 1 July 2026; funds are claimed on Ethereum (BLS validator signatures)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "sequencer stopped 1 July 2026", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "retired", "summary": "The sequencer stopped on 1 July 2026; the chain is kept for asset recovery only.", "record": "Kept for asset recovery only." } }, { "key": "sidechains/polygon_pos", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM chain with its own Bor/Heimdall validator set" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Heimdall validators (a CometBFT fork) whose signer keys are set on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.polygon.technology/pos/architecture/heimdall_v2/staking.md", "quote": "When a validator updates their signer key on Ethereum", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://polygon.technology/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.polygon.technology/pos/architecture/heimdall_v2/introduction/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "sidechains/gnosis_chain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM chain running Ethereum's consensus clients" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Ethereum's consensus clients and validator keys (BLS)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "EVM chain running Ethereum's consensus clients with its own validator set", "source": { "url": "https://docs.gnosischain.com/node/manual/validator/generate-keys/", "quote": "The purpose of the validator private key is to actively sign on-chain operations such as block proposals and attestations.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.gnosischain.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.gnosischain.com/node/manual/validator/generate-keys/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "sidechains/bnb_smart_chain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA (secp256k1)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bsc-post-quantum-cryptography-migration-report", "quote": "Transaction signature ECDSA (secp256k1)", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS12-381 vote aggregation", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bsc-post-quantum-cryptography-migration-report", "quote": "Consensus vote aggregation BLS12-381", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "research", "summary": "BNB Chain tested ML-DSA-44 signatures and STARK vote aggregation in a research report; no migration is scheduled.", "source": { "url": "https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bsc-post-quantum-cryptography-migration-report", "quote": "Post-quantum readiness is achievable on BSC today, with data size growth and network constraints as the main trade-offs.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } }, { "key": "sidechains/chiliz_chain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Sports and fan-token EVM chain forked from BNB Smart Chain" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Parlia proof of staked authority, inherited from BNB Smart Chain", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "sidechains/bnb_smart_chain", "source": { "url": "https://docs.chiliz.com/learn/about-chiliz-chain", "quote": "Chiliz Chain inherits the following from the BSC consensus mechanism , Parlia", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.chiliz.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.chiliz.com/learn/about-chiliz-chain", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "sidechains/skale_network", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Network of application-specific EVM chains" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS threshold signatures", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.skale.space/skale-chain/consensus", "quote": "SKALE uses leaderless, asynchronous BFT consensus with BLS threshold signatures.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.skale.space/skale-chain/consensus", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "sidechains/cronos", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Cosmos-SDK EVM chain" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "CometBFT validator keys (Ed25519), as on Cosmos SDK chains", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "foundation/cometbft", "record": "Cosmos-SDK EVM chain launched by Crypto.com with an invitation-only bonded validator set" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://cronos.org/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.cronos.org/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "sidechains/harmony", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Sharded EVM chain" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "BLS aggregate signatures (FBFT)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "source": { "url": "https://docs.harmony.one/home/general/technology/consensus", "quote": "BLS (Boneh-Lynn-Shacham) aggregate signature is used to significantly reduce the communication cost", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "retired", "summary": "The chain stopped producing blocks on 10 September 2026.", "record": "stopped producing blocks on 10 September 2026" } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/abstract", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum; smart accounts may validate other elliptic-curve schemes", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "ZK Stack L2 for consumer apps", "source": { "url": "https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/overview", "quote": "Alternative signature validation methods & support for different ECC algorithms.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "settling to Ethereum with state diffs posted on L1", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://abs.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/overview", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/dydx_chain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "secp256k1 by default (Cosmos SDK)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "foundation/cosmos-sdk", "source": { "url": "https://docs.dydx.xyz/concepts/architecture/overview", "quote": "an L1 blockchain built on top of CometBFT and using CosmosSDK", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "CometBFT validator keys (Ed25519)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "foundation/cometbft", "record": "Cosmos SDK appchain running a perpetuals orderbook on its own 21-validator proof-of-stake set" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.dydx.xyz/concepts/architecture/overview", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.dydx.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/zora_network", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "OP Stack L2 built for NFT minting" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Ethereum (BLS validator signatures) settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "settling to Ethereum with all data posted on L1", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://zora.energy/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.zora.co/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/apechain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Arbitrum Orbit L3 for the ApeCoin ecosystem" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions and Arbitrum One, which settles on Ethereum, settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "settling to Arbitrum One", "inherits": "l2_chains/arbitrum-one" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://apechain.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.apechain.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/xai", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Arbitrum Orbit AnyTrust L3 for games" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions, a five-member committee holds the data, and Arbitrum One settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "settling to Arbitrum One with data held by a five-member committee", "inherits": "l2_chains/arbitrum-one" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://xai.games/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/ronin", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Gaming chain that moved to the OP Stack as an Ethereum Optimium in May 2026" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own since May 2026: a sequencer orders transactions, data goes to EigenDA, and Ethereum settles them", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "moved to the OP Stack as an Ethereum Optimium in May 2026", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.roninchain.com/basics/introduction", "quote": "In 2026, Ronin returned to Ethereum, as an L2", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://roninchain.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.roninchain.com/basics/introduction", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/immutable_zkevm", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "source": { "url": "https://docs.immutable.com/platform/zkevm/chain-architecture", "quote": "EVM Compatible Use Solidity, Foundry, Hardhat", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, "consensus": { "scheme": "Not stated on the pages read", "family": "not-found", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.immutable.com/platform/zkevm/chain-architecture", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://www.immutable.com/chain", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.immutable.com/chain", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.immutable.com/platform/zkevm/chain-architecture", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/eclipse", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "Ed25519, as on Solana (SVM)", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/solana_l1", "record": "SVM chain that bridges to Ethereum" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "No validator set of its own: a sequencer orders transactions, data goes to Celestia, and the proof system on Ethereum is not yet live", "family": "elliptic-curve", "record": "with the proof system not yet live" }, "plan": { "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum migration plan found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.eclipse.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.eclipse.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] } }, { "key": "appchains_l3s/degen_chain", "ledger": "account", "accounts": { "scheme": "ECDSA, as on Ethereum", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "layer1_chains/ethereum_l1", "record": "Arbitrum Orbit AnyTrust L3 on Base" }, "consensus": { "scheme": "None since it shut down; it settled to Base", "family": "elliptic-curve", "inherits": "l2_chains/base", "record": "Arbitrum Orbit AnyTrust L3 on Base that has shut down" }, "plan": { "status": "retired", "summary": "The chain has shut down; L2BEAT archived it on 2026-09-01.", "record": "L2BEAT archived it on 2026-09-01" } } ], "vendors": [ { "key": "hardware_wallet/trezor", "status": "shipping", "summary": "Trezor Safe 7 verifies firmware with SLH-DSA and attests the device with ML-DSA; Trezor says it is not quantum-proof until chains upgrade.", "source": { "url": "https://trezor.io/guides/trezor-devices/trezor-safe-7/the-first-quantum-ready-hardware-wallet", "quote": "The boardloader uses SLH-DSA-128 to verify firmware signatures, and the device certificate uses ML-DSA-44 for attestation.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/ledger", "status": "shipping", "summary": "ML-KEM and ML-DSA are in Ledger's developer SDK; no post-quantum signing for a chain is described.", "source": { "url": "https://www.ledger.com/blog-post-quantum-cryptography-ledger-sdk", "quote": "Ledger has added two new algorithms in its SDK: These are called ML-KEM and ML-DSA.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/ledger-nano-x", "status": "shipping", "summary": "ML-KEM and ML-DSA are in Ledger's developer SDK; the post names no device, so it may not reach the Nano X.", "source": { "url": "https://www.ledger.com/blog-post-quantum-cryptography-ledger-sdk", "quote": "Ledger has added two new algorithms in its SDK: These are called ML-KEM and ML-DSA.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/onekey", "status": "plan", "summary": "OneKey says it is preparing ML-KEM and ML-DSA upgrades.", "source": { "url": "https://onekey.so/blog/learn/can-quantum-computing-break-btc-a-clear-guide-to-post-quantum-security", "quote": "OneKey is preparing end-to-end PQC upgrades, including ML-KEM, ML-DSA, and strengthened hashing.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/jade", "status": "plan", "summary": "Blockstream will ship post-quantum signing to Jade as a firmware update, opt-in per output.", "source": { "url": "https://blockstream.com/quantum/", "quote": "Post-quantum protection will deploy as a firmware update.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/jade-core", "status": "plan", "summary": "Blockstream will ship post-quantum signing to Jade as a firmware update, opt-in per output.", "source": { "url": "https://blockstream.com/quantum/", "quote": "Post-quantum protection will deploy as a firmware update.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/tangem", "status": "position", "summary": "Tangem says its wallet cannot make Bitcoin quantum-proof until Bitcoin upgrades its signature scheme.", "source": { "url": "https://tangem.com/en/blog/post/post-quantum-cryptography/", "quote": "If Bitcoin itself doesn't upgrade its signature scheme at the protocol level, the long-term quantum-signature vulnerability persists.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/bitbox", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://bitbox.swiss/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" }, { "url": "https://support.bitbox.swiss/en_US/known-bitbox-phishing-scams", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ], "note": "Its support site warns that letters asking for a \"Quantum Resistance\" security update are a phishing scam; that warning is not a post-quantum statement." }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/bitbox02-nova", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://bitbox.swiss/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" }, { "url": "https://support.bitbox.swiss/en_US/known-bitbox-phishing-scams", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ], "note": "Its support site warns that letters asking for a \"Quantum Resistance\" security update are a phishing scam; that warning is not a post-quantum statement." }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/keystone", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://keyst.one/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/keycard", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://keycard.tech/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/keycard-shell", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://keycard.tech/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/passport", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://foundation.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ], "note": "QuantumLink, on the same page, is the name of its encrypted Bluetooth link, not post-quantum cryptography." }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/coldcard", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://coldcard.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://coldcard.com/docs/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/keepkey", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://keepkey.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/cypherock", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.cypherock.com/blogs/quantum-computingand-crypto-security", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ], "note": "Its blog post of 16 January 2025 discusses quantum-resistant hardware wallets in general and says nothing about the X1." }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/satochip", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://satochip.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/gridplus", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://gridplus.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/coolwallet-pro", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.coolwallet.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/coolwallet", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.coolwallet.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/safepal", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.safepal.com/en/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/safepal-x1", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.safepal.com/en/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "hardware_wallet/secux", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://secuxtech.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/coinbase_wallet", "status": "position", "summary": "Coinbase says its post-quantum programme covers all of its infrastructure; nothing specific to the wallet is published.", "source": { "url": "https://www.coinbase.com/blog/what-coinbase-is-doing-to-prepare-for-post-quantum-cryptography", "quote": "Beyond CoreKMS, we've launched a comprehensive internal effort to prepare all of Coinbase's infrastructure for a post-quantum world.", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } }, { "key": "wallet/metamask", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://metamask.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/rabby", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://github.com/RabbyHub/Rabby", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/phantom", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://phantom.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://phantom.com/learn/blog", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/trust_wallet", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://trustwallet.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/solflare", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://solflare.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/exodus", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.exodus.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" }, { "url": "https://www.exodus.com/support/en/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/rainbow", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://rainbow.me/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/sparrow", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://sparrowwallet.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-28" }, { "url": "https://sparrowwallet.com/docs/faq.html", "readOn": "2026-10-28" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/electrum", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://electrum.org/", "readOn": "2026-10-28" }, { "url": "https://electrum.readthedocs.io/en/latest/faq.html", "readOn": "2026-10-28" } ] }, { "key": "wallet/okx_wallet", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://web3.okx.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-28" }, { "url": "https://www.okx.com/help/okx-web3-ecosystem-terms-of-service", "readOn": "2026-10-28" } ], "note": "The Web3 terms (4.7.3) name quantum computing among the risks to every cryptographically-based system; they state no plan or measure." }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/dfns_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.dfns.co/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.dfns.co/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/turnkey_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.turnkey.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.turnkey.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/privy_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.privy.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.privy.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/zengo_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://zengo.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" }, { "url": "https://help.zengo.com/en/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/web3auth_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://metamask.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/portal_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.portalhq.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.portalhq.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "mpc_wallets/magic_mpc", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://magic.link/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://magic.link/docs", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "smart_accounts/safe_smart_accounts", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://safe.global/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.safe.global/home/what-is-safe", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "smart_accounts/squads_multisig", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://squads.xyz/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://squads.xyz/blog", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" }, { "url": "https://docs.squads.so/main", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ], "note": "A Squads team member's post of 13 October 2026 on X reports Falcon-512 signing for multisig members tested on mainnet; it is not on a Squads page we could read." }, { "key": "smart_accounts/zodiac_os", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.zodiac.eco/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "smart_accounts/candide_smart_accounts", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.candide.dev/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.candide.dev/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "smart_accounts/alchemy_smart_wallets", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.alchemy.com/smart-wallets", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://www.alchemy.com/docs/wallets", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "smart_accounts/biconomy_smart_accounts", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.biconomy.io/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "smart_accounts/den_multisig", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.onchainden.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://docs.onchainden.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "institutional_custody/anchorage_digital", "status": "shipping", "summary": "Hash-based Bitcoin addresses that do not expose public keys, post-quantum TLS internally, and a stated migration strategy.", "source": { "url": "https://www.anchorage.com/insights/anchorage-digital-outlines-industry-leading-post-quantum-compute-preparedness-strategy", "quote": "For Bitcoin, Anchorage Digital uses hash-based addresses which do not expose public keys", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "institutional_custody/bitgo_custody", "status": "shipping", "summary": "A quantum-exposure score for Bitcoin wallets and a sweep that moves funds off addresses whose public key is exposed.", "source": { "url": "https://www.bitgo.com/btc-quantum-resistance-score/", "quote": "When exposure is found, the Fix Exposed Addresses workflow generates a sweep.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "institutional_custody/coinbase_prime_custody", "status": "plan", "summary": "Coinbase is building a post-quantum version of the key management system that holds its custody keys.", "source": { "url": "https://www.coinbase.com/blog/what-coinbase-is-doing-to-prepare-for-post-quantum-cryptography", "quote": "We have begun building a post-quantum version of this system, PQ-CoreKMS.", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } }, { "key": "institutional_custody/fireblocks_custody", "status": "position", "summary": "Fireblocks calls post-quantum cryptography a strategic priority and says its roadmap is being built.", "source": { "url": "https://www.fireblocks.com/blog/google-quantum-research-institutional-crypto-security", "quote": "PQC is a strategic priority, and we are actively building our roadmap and conducting research work.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "key": "institutional_custody/fidelity_digital_assets", "status": "position", "summary": "Fidelity Digital Assets publishes research on Bitcoin's path to quantum resistance; no custody change is stated.", "source": { "url": "https://www.fidelitydigitalassets.com/research-and-insights", "quote": "Bitcoin's Path to Quantum Resistance", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } }, { "key": "institutional_custody/copper_custody", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://copper.co/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "institutional_custody/zodia_custody", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://zodia-custody.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "institutional_custody/komainu", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.komainu.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "institutional_custody/gemini_custody", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.gemini.com/institutions/custody", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/coinbase_exchange", "status": "plan", "summary": "Coinbase is building a post-quantum version of the key management system that protects about 99.9% of the assets it holds.", "source": { "url": "https://www.coinbase.com/blog/what-coinbase-is-doing-to-prepare-for-post-quantum-cryptography", "quote": "We have begun building a post-quantum version of this system, PQ-CoreKMS.", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } }, { "key": "exchange/binance", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.binance.com/en/blog", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" }, { "url": "https://academy.binance.com/en/articles/quantum-computers-and-cryptocurrencies", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ], "note": "Its Academy article on quantum computers explains the risk in general and says nothing about how Binance holds keys." }, { "key": "exchange/kraken", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.kraken.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://blog.kraken.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/okx_exchange", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.okx.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/bybit_exchange", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://learn.bybit.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/bitstamp", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/upbit", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://upbit.com/home", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/gemini", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.gemini.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://www.gemini.com/security", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/luno", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.luno.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" }, { "url": "https://www.luno.com/en/security", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/valr", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.valr.com/blog", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/bitso", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://bitso.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/mercado_bitcoin", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.mercadobitcoin.com.br/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/bitvavo", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.bitvavo.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ], "note": "bitvavo.com answered our reader with a security check; only its API documentation could be read." }, { "key": "exchange/coindcx", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://docs.coindcx.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-15", "via": "browser" } ], "note": "coindcx.com answered our reader with a security check; only its API documentation could be read." }, { "key": "exchange/bit2me", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://bit2me.com/", "readOn": "2026-10-28" }, { "url": "https://bit2me.com/security", "readOn": "2026-10-28" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/gate_eu", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.gate.com/en-eu/about-us", "readOn": "2026-10-28", "via": "browser" } ] }, { "key": "exchange/bsdex", "status": "none-found", "summary": "No post-quantum statement found on the pages read.", "searched": [ { "url": "https://www.bsdex.de/en/", "readOn": "2026-10-29" }, { "url": "https://www.bsdex.de/en/security/", "readOn": "2026-10-29" } ] } ], "signposts": [ { "id": "nist-fips-203-205", "when": "2024-08-13", "loggedOn": "2026-10-15", "what": "NIST approves the first post-quantum standards: ML-KEM (FIPS 203), ML-DSA (FIPS 204) and SLH-DSA (FIPS 205).", "source": { "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/news/2024/postquantum-cryptography-fips-approved", "quote": "The Secretary of Commerce has approved three Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS ) for post-quantum cryptography", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "id": "google-ecc-1200-qubits", "when": "2026-03", "loggedOn": "2026-10-15", "what": "Google Quantum AI estimates that breaking 256-bit elliptic-curve cryptography could need about 1,200 logical qubits, far fewer than earlier estimates.", "source": { "url": "https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/security/quantum-resistance/", "quote": "In March 2026, Google Quantum AI published research estimating that breaking 256-bit elliptic curve cryptography (the type Ethereum uses for account signatures) could require roughly 1,200 logical qubits.", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } }, { "id": "ethereum-lean-2029", "when": "2026-09-08", "loggedOn": "2026-10-15", "what": "Ethereum's roadmap page states a 2029 target for full post-quantum protection.", "source": { "url": "https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/security/quantum-resistance/", "quote": "roadmap targeting 2029 for full post-quantum protection", "readOn": "2026-10-15" } } ] }