{"license":"CC-BY-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","attribution":"ChainChoice (https://chainchoice.io)","category":"layer1_chains","evidenceReadAt":"2026-11-03","generatedAt":"2026-11-12","criteria":[{"id":"liveness_record","label":"Documented Downtime","weight":30},{"id":"finality_integrity","label":"Measured deterministic finality","weight":25},{"id":"decentralisation_depth","label":"Validator Count and Nakamoto Coefficient","weight":25},{"id":"client_diversity","label":"Independent Client Implementations","weight":20}],"providers":{"ethereum_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":9,"q":"Ethereum has run continuously since 2015 without a single second of downtime.","u":"https://ethereum.org/en/","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":4,"q":"It takes about 15 minutes for an Ethereum block to finalize. | finality refers to the guarantee that a block cannot be altered or removed from the blockchain without burning at least 33% of the total staked ETH.","u":"https://ethereum.org/en/roadmap/single-slot-finality/","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":2,"q":"Ethereum Nakamoto Coefficient 5 | Ethereum Validators 815,294 | Ethereum Stake $99.8B","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/ethereum","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":8,"q":"Lighthouse - 48.39% Nimbus - 17.71% Prysm - 17.49% Teku - 6.4% Unknown - 3.41% Lodestar - 2.71% Erigon - 2.39% Grandine - 1.51% Other - 0.0% Data provided by Miga Labs | Geth - 50.13% Nethermind - 25.46% Besu - 9.45% Reth - 7.67% Erigon - 6.53% Other - 0.78% Data provided by Ethernodes | Nethermind…","u":"https://clientdiversity.org/","d":"2026-11-03"}},"ton_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":3,"q":"On June 1, 2025 from 12:15 UTC to 13:22 UTC, block production was suspended on the TON main network masterchain. | The suspension was caused by a bug in the TON validator software","u":"https://telegra.ph/Report-on-June-1-2025-Operation-Incident-06-02","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":7,"q":"Target finalization lag is reduced from ~10 s to about 1 s.","u":"https://docs.ton.org/subsecond","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":8,"q":"TON Nakamoto Coefficient 80 | TON Validators 376 | TON Stake $799M","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/ton","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":2,"q":"C++ node | All official node implementations should be set up and controlled with MyTonCtrl","u":"https://docs.ton.org/nodes/overview","d":"2026-11-03"}},"avalanche_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":4,"q":"Developers across the community are currently investigating a stall in block finalization that is preventing blocks from being accepted on the Primary Network. | A significant % of stake weight has upgraded to AvalancheGo@v1.11.1 and block finalization is stable. | Mainnet API degraded","u":"https://status.avax.network/api/v2/incidents.json","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":6,"q":"Snowman Consensus is probabilistically safe up to a safety threshold. | In Avalanche, acceptance/rejection are final and irreversible and only take a few seconds.","u":"https://build.avax.network/docs/primary-network/avalanche-consensus","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":8,"q":"Avalanche Nakamoto Coefficient 25 | Avalanche Validators 566 | Avalanche Stake $1.72B","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/avalanche","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":2,"q":"Snowman is the name of Ava Labs' implementation of the Snowman Consensus protocol for linear chains.","u":"https://build.avax.network/docs/primary-network/avalanche-consensus","d":"2026-11-03"}},"cardano_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":7,"q":"At approximately 08:00 UTC on November 21, 2025, the Cardano mainnet experienced a targeted anomaly that resulted in a chain partition. | It is important to note that the network did not stall.","u":"https://intersectmbo.org/news/incident-report-network-partition-analysis-and-resolution-strategy","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":2,"q":"The probability of a transaction being immutable depends on how many blocks have been added to the chain since that transaction was accepted into the chain.","u":"https://docs.cardano.org/about-cardano/learn/chain-confirmation-versus-transaction-confirmation","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":6,"q":"Cardano Nakamoto Coefficient 15 | Cardano Validators 2,069 | Cardano Stake $4.07B","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/cardano","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":2,"q":"Amaru has been used to produce empty blocks since 5 days ago (version 10.11.20261022^beta ) Block producer on mainnet is planned to be released on 5th November","u":"https://cardanoupgrades.docs.intersectmbo.org/general/hard-fork-working-group-meeting-minutes/27th-october-2026","d":"2026-11-03"}},"solana_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":3,"q":"Block production on Solana mainnet beta resumed at 14:57 UTC, following a successful upgrade to v1.17.20 and a restart of the cluster by validator operators. | Block production on Solana Mainnet Beta has halted. | The Solana network is experiencing an outage and not processing transactions.","u":"https://status.solana.com/api/v2/incidents.json","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":7,"q":"on-chain read: Solana mainnet RPC (api.mainnet-beta.solana.com), getAccountInfo of feature account A1pengvuM6JEcyNuTnMqepBKhwHE3N6PmUrdATGawhJS (\"SIMD-0326: Alpenglow: new consensus algorithm\"","u":"https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":5,"q":"Solana Nakamoto Coefficient 17 | Solana Validators 665 | Solana Stake $39.6B","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/solana","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":4,"q":"Firedancer is written from scratch. This brings client diversity to the Solana network and helps it stay resilient to supply chain attacks in build tooling or dependencies.","u":"https://docs.firedancer.io/","d":"2026-11-03"}},"sui_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":2,"q":"On Thursday, May 28 and Friday, May 29, 2026, Sui Mainnet experienced three outage incidents.","u":"https://www.sui.io/blog/sui-mainnet-halts-resolved-after-major-upgrade","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":7,"q":"Holding those certified effects is proof of settlement finality | and the transaction is irreversible from that point. | Mysticeti reaches consensus commitment in about 0.5 seconds | These figures do not represent production metrics.","u":"https://docs.sui.io/develop/sui-architecture/consensus","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":6,"q":"Sui Nakamoto Coefficient 18 | Sui Validators 125 | Sui Stake $6.15B","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/sui","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":2,"q":"As soon as the network received a transaction with this shape, all validators crashed. | This code fix was shipped to Mainnet in v1.37.4","u":"https://www.sui.io/blog/sui-mainnet-outage-resolution","d":"2026-11-03"}},"aptos_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":4,"q":"On October 18, 2023 the Aptos network delayed transactions at approximately 4:15 PM PDT. | The issue was resolved at approximately 9:30 PM PDT. | Non-deterministic code led to the issue and a fix was deployed. | no committed transactions were lost and no fork occurred.","u":"https://aptosnetwork.com/currents/10-18-23-aptos-mainnet-incident-report","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":7,"q":"The AptosBFT consensus protocol provides fault tolerance of up to one-third of malicious validator nodes.","u":"https://aptos.dev/network/blockchain/validator-nodes","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":4,"q":"Aptos Nakamoto Coefficient 14 | Aptos Validators 83 | Aptos Stake $473M","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/aptos","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":2,"q":"The Aptos-core software can be configured to run as a validator node or as a fullnode.","u":"https://aptos.dev/network/blockchain/validator-nodes","d":"2026-11-03"}},"bnb_chain_l1":{"liveness_record":{"s":4,"q":"Decentralized chains are not designed to be stopped, but by contacting community validators one by one, we were able to stop the incident from spreading.","u":"https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/bnb-chain-ecosystem-update","d":"2026-11-03"},"finality_integrity":{"s":7,"q":"Block time was reduced from 3 seconds to 0.45 seconds Finality was reduced from 7.5 seconds to 1.125 seconds | Advanced consensus and network latency improvements to push finality deeper into sub-second territory","u":"https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/tech-roadmap-2026","d":"2026-11-03"},"decentralisation_depth":{"s":2,"q":"BNB Chain Nakamoto Coefficient 7 | BNB Chain Validators 45 | BNB Chain Stake $16.9B","u":"https://chainspect.app/chain/bnb-chain","d":"2026-11-03"},"client_diversity":{"s":3,"q":"BNB Chain is adding support for Reth-BSC, a high-performance Rust-based client. | The two officially recommended and supported execution clients will be: Reth (Rust-based) Geth (Go-based)","u":"https://www.bnbchain.org/en/blog/important-update-bnb-chain-client-support-and-erigon-sunset","d":"2026-11-03"}}}}