{"license":"CC-BY-4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","attribution":"ChainChoice (https://chainchoice.io)","category":"appchains_l3s","evidenceReadAt":"2026-09-28","generatedAt":"2026-11-12","criteria":[{"id":"settlement_security_inherited","label":"Security inherited from settlement layer","weight":35},{"id":"permissionless_exit","label":"Permissionless exit without the operator","weight":25},{"id":"operator_set_today","label":"Operators running the chain today","weight":20},{"id":"liquidity_on_arrival","label":"Measured liquidity on arrival","weight":20}],"providers":{"abstract":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":8,"q":"Abstract is a ZK Rollup built on top of Ethereum using the ZK stack | Validity proofs (ST, SN) | All of the data (SD = state diffs) needed for proof construction is published onchain. | Abstract is a Stage 0 ZK Rollup","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/abstract","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":4,"q":"queue, but can’t force them. The sequencers cannot selectively skip transactions but can stop processing the queue entirely. | can still censor withdrawal transactions by implementing a TransactionFilterer with no delay.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/abstract","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":4,"q":"so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen. There is a decentralized Governance system that can attempt changing Proposers with an upgrade. | The system has a centralized operator | SecurityCouncil (6/8), Guardians (5/8) and ZkFoundationMultisig (3/6) form a de-facto 3/3 Multisig","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/abstract","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":5,"q":"\"tvl\":10992878.932579314,\"tokenSymbol\":null,\"cmcId\":null,\"name\":\"Abstract\",\"chainId\":2741","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}},"dydx_chain":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":1,"q":"Recently deployed dYdX v4 is a separate blockchain based on Cosmos SDK, unrelated to Ethereum and is using different technology. No information on this page applies to dYdX v4.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/dydx","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":1,"q":"dYdX v3 shut down on October 28th and is currently processing withdrawals in escape-hatch mode. | Recently deployed dYdX v4 is a separate blockchain based on Cosmos SDK, unrelated to Ethereum and is using different technology.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/dydx","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":7,"q":"\"status\":\"BOND_STATUS_BONDED\",\"tokens\":\"41896566711493150097784429\" | \"moniker\":\"Polychain dYdX\"","u":"https://dydx-rest.publicnode.com/cosmos/staking/v1beta1/validators?status=BOND_STATUS_BONDED&pagination.limit=200","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":8,"q":"\"tvl\":72854997.01935537,\"tokenSymbol\":\"dYdX\",\"cmcId\":\"28324\",\"name\":\"dYdX\",\"chainId\":null","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}},"zora_network":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":5,"q":"is deployed but is not functional. The permissioned dispute game commits to a placeholder absolute prestate (0xdead…) set by OP Stack Upgrade 19, so no dispute can be resolved by execution.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/zora","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":4,"q":"There can be up to a 12h delay on this operation. | so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen. | There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/zora","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":3,"q":"Exited Superchain governance | ProxyAdmin and DisputeGameFactory owner and the guardian role moved to the Conduit Multisig 1 | A Multisig with 4/11 threshold. | Can upgrade with no delay","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/zora","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":1,"q":"\"tvl\":46677.78701854755,\"tokenSymbol\":null,\"cmcId\":null,\"name\":\"Zora\",\"chainId\":7777777","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}},"apechain":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":3,"q":"ApeChain is an Optimium built on the Arbitrum Orbit stack | Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published onchain. | with a threshold of 5/7 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/apechain","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":5,"q":"There can be up to a 4d delay on this operation. | There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable. | of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/apechain","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":3,"q":"Critical contracts can be upgraded by an EOA which could result in the loss of all funds. | A Multisig with 3/6 threshold. | Can upgrade with no delay | There are less than 5 external actors that can submit challenges","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/apechain","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":2,"q":"The APE token associated with ApeChain accounts for 100% of the TVS! | \"canonical\":0,\"external\":19785526,\"ether\":0,\"stablecoin\":0,\"btc\":0,\"other\":19785526","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/apechain","d":"2026-09-28"}},"immutable_zkevm":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":1,"q":"Immutable zkEVM is a sidechain focused on gaming and powered by Polygon stack. It plans to eventually transition to a ZK Rollup. | Currently the system permits invalid state roots | Proof construction and state derivation rely fully on data that is NOT published onchain.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/immutablezkevm","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":1,"q":"There is no mechanism to have transactions be included if the sequencer | All withdrawals that exceed the tokens bucket capacity trigger the withdrawal queue, which delays subsequent withdrawals of any of the bridges’ assets for a time defined in withdrawalDelay (currently 1d).","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/immutablezkevm","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":3,"q":"Users can be censored if validators on Axelar decide to not mint tokens after observing an event on Ethereum. | There is no delay on code upgrades","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/immutablezkevm","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":5,"q":"The IMX token associated with Immutable zkEVM accounts for 49.1% of the TVS!","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/immutablezkevm","d":"2026-09-28"}},"ronin":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":1,"q":"Ronin is an Ethereum Optimium based on the OP Stack, optimized for gaming and NFT applications. It migrated from an independent sidechain to a Layer 2 in May 2026, using EigenDA for data availability and keeping RON as the custom gas token.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/ronin-network","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":3,"q":"There can be up to a 12h delay on this operation. | so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen. | User assets are custodied on two separate | paths, neither of which is the canonical bridge analyzed on this page | Sky Mavis has not announced a plan to migrate liquidity into the OP Stack…","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/ronin-network","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":3,"q":"The system has a centralized operator | 5-of-6 joint Ronin/Conduit Safe. | Guardian moves the respected game type back to the PermissionedDisputeGame; Kailua proposals stop.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/ronin-network","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":5,"q":"\"tvl\":11878494.422781067,\"tokenSymbol\":\"RON\",\"cmcId\":\"14101\",\"name\":\"Ronin\",\"chainId\":2020","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}},"eclipse":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":1,"q":"Eclipse is a sidechain powered by the Solana Virtual Machine (SVM). | Currently the system permits invalid state roots | Proof construction and state derivation fully rely on data that is posted on Celestia. | There is no data availability bridge","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/eclipse","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":1,"q":"There is no mechanism to have transactions be included if the sequencer | so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen. | There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/eclipse","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":2,"q":"A Multisig with 3/4 threshold. | authorize withdrawals to any address | A Multisig with 3/5 threshold. | withdraw ETH from the contract, even when it is paused","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/eclipse","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":1,"q":"\"tvl\":40216.69881996684,\"tokenSymbol\":\"ES\",\"cmcId\":\"36174\",\"name\":\"Eclipse\",\"chainId\":null","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}},"xai":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":2,"q":"Xai is an Ethereum Layer-3 that leverages Arbitrum AnyTrust | Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published onchain. | with a threshold of 3/5 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/xai","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":5,"q":"There can be up to a 2d delay on this operation. | of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers. | There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/xai","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":3,"q":"There are less than 5 external actors that can submit challenges | The data availability committee threshold is too low","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/xai","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":1,"q":"\"tvl\":8625.917473865476,\"tokenSymbol\":\"XAI\",\"cmcId\":\"28374\",\"name\":\"Xai\",\"chainId\":null","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}},"degen_chain":{"settlement_security_inherited":{"s":0,"q":"This project is archived and no longer maintained. | Degen Chain is sunsetting on August 31, 2026. | Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published onchain. | with a threshold of 2/3 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/degen","d":"2026-09-28"},"permissionless_exit":{"s":0,"q":"validators with the 'fast-confirmer' permission finalize a malicious state root before the challenge period has passed (CRITICAL) | There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable. | of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/degen","d":"2026-09-28"},"operator_set_today":{"s":0,"q":"This project is archived and no longer maintained. | There are less than 5 external actors that can submit challenges | There are less than 5 external actors that can attest data availability","u":"https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/degen","d":"2026-09-28"},"liquidity_on_arrival":{"s":0,"q":"\"tvl\":0,\"tokenSymbol\":\"DEGEN\",\"cmcId\":null,\"name\":\"Degen\",\"chainId\":666666666","u":"https://api.llama.fi/v2/chains","d":"2026-09-28"}}}}